Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia - Department of Anesthesiology
Katherine Parker Grichnik, MD

Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia

 

Katherine Parker Grichnik, MD, MS, FASE

Katherine Parker Grichnik, MDDr. Katherine Grichnik received her medical degree from Tufts University and completed her residency in anesthesia and fellowships in Pain Management and ThoracoVascular Anesthesia at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Grichnik came to Duke University in 1991 where she now serves as Professor of Anesthesiology and Associate Dean for Continuing Medical Education.

Dr. Grichnik’s areas of research in cardiothoracic anesthesiology are:

  • investigation into the optimal perioperative care of the cardiothoracic patient
  • perioperative cognition after high risk surgery
  • adverse outcomes after cardiothoracic surgery

This includes supporting trials of novel pharmaceutical agents and devices to improve outcomes.

Dr. Grichnik is also undertaking research as a health system administrator to investigate the optimal methods for education of the practicing physician, especially to assess the efficacy of an educational intervention.  As a part of this research, she is interested in systems and mechanisms to improve patient safety.

The Department of Anesthesiology has recognized Dr. Grichnik as Medical Student Teacher of the Year in 1994, and Teacher of the Year in 1997. She is board certified in Anesthesiology and Perioperative Echocardiography and was elected a Fellow of the American Society for Echocardiography (ASE) in 2007.  Nationally she serves as the Co-Chairman of the ASE Continuing Medical Education Committee and serves on the ASE Education Planning and Oversight committee and on the Society for Cardiovascular Anesthesia (SCA) CME committee.  She is also the Co-Director for the annual SCA/ASE Perioperative Review and Update in Echocardiography Course.  She is also noted for her international work with the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group.

Grants

  1. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Grant: “Effects of Time of Day and Surgery Duration on the Incidence of Anesthetic Adverse Events.” Co-Principal Investigator.
  2. Biobehavioral Risk Factors in Coronary Artery Disease.
    Project 2: CNS Serotonin and Psychosocial/Behavioral Mediators.
    PI: Williams RB
    NIH Program Project Grant # P02 HL36587
    Grant amount: $9,590,829
    Grant Period: 6/97-6/02
    Role: Co-Investigator
  3. Sanofi-Winthrop Corporation: “A Comparison of Amrinone with Sodium Nitroprusside for Control of Hemodynamics During Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Surgery” Principal Investigator. Grant Period: 1/93-1/94.

Peer-Reviewed Manuscripts

  1. Conlon NP, Shaw AD, Grichnik KP. Post-thoracotomy paravertebral analgesia: will it replace epidural analgesia? Anesthesiology Clinics 2008; 26:369–380.
  2. Swaminathan M, Shaw AD, Greenfield RA, Grichnik KP.  Fatal Thrombosis after Factor Seven Administration during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Cardiothoracic Vasc Anesth 2007; 21(6).
  3. Swaminathan M, Phillips-Bute BG, Grichnik KP.  Bibliometric Analysis of Global Clinical Research by Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2007;105: 1741-6.
  4. Stoller JK, Gildea TR, Ries AL, Meli YM, Karafa MT, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Lung volume reduction surgery in patients with emphysema and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83(1):241-51.  
  5. Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Sciurba F, Mumford J, Giardino ND, Weinmann G, Kazerooni E, Murray S, Criner GJ, Sin DD, Hogg J, Ries AL, Han M, Fishman AP, Make B, Hoffman EA, Mohsenifar Z, Wise R, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema.  Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007;176(3):243-52.                    
  6. Criner GJ, Scharf SM, Falk JA, Gaughan JP, Sternberg AL, Patel NB, Fessler HE, Minai OA, Fishman AP, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Effect of lung volume reduction surgery on resting pulmonary hemodynamics in severe emphysema. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007;176(3):253-60.
  7. Ott E, Mazer CD, Tudor IC, Shore-Lesserson L, Snyder-Ramos SA, Finegan BA, Mohnle P, Hantler CB, Bottiger BW, Latimer RD, Browner WS, Levin J, Mangano DT, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ischemia Research and Education Foundation. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery--care globalization: the impact of national care on fatal and nonfatal outcome. Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery 2007;133(5):1242-51.
  8. Aronson S, Fontes ML, Mian Y, Mangano DT, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (MCSPI) Research Group, Inc. and Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators.  Risk Index for Perioperative Renal Dysfunction/Failure:  Critical Dependence on Pulse Pressure Hypertension.  Circulation. 2007;112:733-42.
  9. Brzezinski M, Mertz V, Clements FM, Glower DD, Puskas F, Grichnik KP, Swaminathan M: Transesophageal echocardiography of the quadricuspid aortic valve. Anesth Analg 2006;103: 1414-5.
  10. Hill SE, Keller RA, Stafford-Smith M, Grichnik KP, White WD, D’Amico TA, Newman MF.  Efficacy of Single Dose Multilevel Paravertebral Nerve Blockade for Analgesia following Thoracoscopic Procedures. Anesthesiology 26; 104(5):1047-53.
  11. Wright MC, Phillips-Bute, B, Mark JB, Stafford-Smith M, Grichnik KP, Andregg BC, Taekman JM. Time of Day Effects on the Incidence of Anesthetic Adverse Events" Quality and Safety in HealthCare 2006;15:258-63.
  12. Collard CD, Body SC, Shernan SK, Wang S, Mangano DT, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (MCSPI) Research Group, Inc. Ischemia Research and Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators. Preoperative statin therapy is associated with reduced cardiac mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006 ;132(2):392-400.
  13. Naunheim KS, Wood DE, Mohsenifar Z, Sternberg AL, Criner GJ, DeCamp MM, Deschamps CC, Martinez FJ, Sciurba FC, Tonascia J, Fishman AP, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Long-term follow-up of patients receiving lung-volume-reduction surgery versus medical therapy for severe emphysema by the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group.  Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82(2):431-43.
  14. Naunheim KS, Wood DE, Krasna MJ, DeCamp MM, Ginsburg ME, McKenna RJ Jr, Criner GJ, Hoffman EA, Sternberg AL, Deschamps C, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Predictors of operative mortality and cardiopulmonary morbidity in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery 2006;131(1):43-53.
  15. Podgoreanu MV, White WD, Morris RW, Mathew JP, Stafford-Smith M, Welsby IJ, Grocott HP, Milano CA, Newman MF, Schwinn DA, Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team. Inflammatory gene polymorphisms and risk of postoperative myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery. Circulation 2006;114(1 Suppl):I275-81.              
  16. Mangano DT, Tudor IC, Dietzel C, the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation. The Risk Associated with Aprotinin in Cardiac Surgery N Engl J Med 2006;354:353-365.  
  17. Chatila WM, Hoffman EA, Gaughan J, Robinswood GB, Criner GJ, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Advanced emphysema in African-American and white patients: do differences exist? Chest 130(1):108-18, 2006.
  18. Brzezinski M, Corkey WB, Grichnik, KP, Swaminathan, M. Transesophageal Echocardiography of Pulmonary Thrombus Causing Complete Left Pulmonary Artery Occlusion.  Anesth Analg 2005;101(3)639-40.
  19. Grichnik KP, Clark, J.  Pathophysiology and management of one lung ventilation, Thoracic Surgery Clinics 2005;15(1):85-103.
  20. Brzezinski M, Keller, R, Grichnik, KP,  Swaminathan, M. Persistent left superior vena cava in a patient with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1269-70.
  21. Krachman SL, Chatila W, Martin UJ, Nugent T, Crocetti J, Gaughan J, Criner GJ, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Effects of lung volume reduction surgery on sleep quality and nocturnal gas exchange in patients with severe emphysema. Chest 2005;128(5):3221-8.
  22. Ries AL, Make BJ, Lee SM, Krasna MJ, Bartels M, Crouch R, Fishman AP, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in the national emphysema treatment trial. Chest 2005;128(6):3799-809.
  23. Moretti EW, Morris RW, Podgoreanu M, Schwinn DA, Newman MF, Bennett E, Moulin VG, Mba UU, Laskowitz DT, Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team. APOE polymorphism is associated with risk of severe sepsis in surgical patients.  Critical Care Medicine 2005;33(11):2521-6.
  24. Grocott HP, White WD, Morris RW, Podgoreanu MV, Mathew JP, Nielsen DM, Schwinn DA, Newman MF, Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team. Genetic polymorphisms and the risk of stroke after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2005;36(9):1854-8. 
  25. Stafford-Smith M, Podgoreanu M, Swaminathan M, Phillips-Bute B, Mathew JP, Hauser EH, Winn MP, Milano C, Nielsen DM, Smith M, Morris R, Newman MF, Schwinn DA, Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team. Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005; 45(3):519-30.
  26. Welsby IJ, Podgoreanu MV, Phillips-Bute B, Mathew JV, Smith PK,  Newman MF, Schwinn DA, Stafford-Smith M and members of the Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study (PEGASUS) Investigative Team.  Genetic factors contribute to bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3(6):1206-1213.
  27. Nussmeier NA, Mora-Mangano C, Fontes M, Schwann NM, Mangano DT, Investigators of the Ischemia Education Foundation, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Hormone replacement therapy is safe in women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Texas Heart Institute Journal 2005;32(4):507-14.
  28. Grichnik KP, D’Amico TD.  Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Pulmonary Resection. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2004;8(4):317-334.
  29. Veeken C, Palmer S, Davis RD, Grichnik KP. Current Knowledge about Living Related Lobar Lung Transplantation  J Cardiothoracic Vasc Anesth. 2004;18:506-11.
  30. MacKensen GB. Swaminathan M. Ti LK. Grocott HP. Phillips-Bute BG. Mathew JP. Newman MF. Milano CA. Stafford-Smith M. Perioperative Outcomes Research Group. Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors (C.A.R.E.) Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Preliminary report on the interaction of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with aortic atherosclerosis and acute nephropathy after CABG Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2004;78(2):520-6.
  31. McKenna RJ, Benditt JO, DeCamp M, et al. and the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Safety and efficacy of median sternotomy versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung volume reduction surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127(5):1350-60.
  32. Grocott HP, Mathew JP, Carver EH, Phillips-Bute B, Landolfo KP, Newman MF and the Neurological Outcome Research Group of the Duke Heart Center.  A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Arctic Sun® Temperature Management System Versus Conventional Methods for Preventing Hypothermia During Off-Pump Cardiac Surgery  Anesth Analg 2004;98:298-302.
  33. Kaplan RM, Ries AL, Reilly J, Mohsenifar Z for the National Emphysema Treatment Trial Group.  Measurement of health-related quality of life in the national emphysema treatment trial. Chest 2004;126(3):781-9.
  34. Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD, Barash PG, Hsu PH, Mangano DT, Investigators of the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery JAMA 2004;291(14):1720-9.
  35. Bar-Yosef S, Anders M, Mackensen GB, Ti LK, Mathew JP, Phillips-Bute B, Messier RH, Grocott HP, Neurological Outcome Research Group and CARE Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Aortic atheroma burden and cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78(5):1556-62.
  36. Bar-Yosef S, Mathew JP, Newman MF, Landolfo KP, Grocott HP, Neurological Outcome Research Group. Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Prevention of cerebral hyperthermia during cardiac surgery by limiting on-bypass rewarming in combination with post-bypass body surface warming: a feasibility study.  Analg Anesth 2004;99(3):641-6.
  37. Williams RB, Marchuk DA, Gadde KM, Barefoot JC, Grichnik K, Helms MJ, Kuhn CM, Lewis JG, Schanberg SM, Stafford-Smith M, Suarez EC, Clary GL, Svenson IK, Siegler IC.  Serotonin-Related Gene Polymorphisms and Central Nervous System Serotonin Function.  Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:533-41.
  38. Grichnik KP, Hill, SE. The Perioperative Management of Patients with Severe Emphysema, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17:364-387.
  39. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, White W, Smith PK, Mark DB, Jones R, Mathew JP, Newman MF, NORG Investigators. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery.  Lancet 2003;362(9384):604-9.
  40. Phillips-Bute B, Mathew JP, Blumenthal JA, Welsh-Bohmer K White WD, Mark, D, Landolfo KP, Newman MF, Neurological Outcome Research Group, Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of Duke Heart Center.  Female Gender Is Associated With Impaired Quality of Life 1 Year After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.  Psychosomatic Med 2003;65(6):944-951.
  41. Stanley TO, Grocott HP, Phillips-Bute B, Mathew JP, Landolfo KP, Newman MF, Neurologic Outcome Research Group, Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Preliminary evaluation of the Arctic Sun temperature-controlling system during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75(4):1140-4.
  42. Djaiani GN, Phillips-Bute B, Blumenthal JA, Newman MF, Neurologic Outcome Research Group, Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of Duke Heart Center. Chronic exposure to nicotine does not prevent neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17(3):341-5.
  43. Sciurba F, Criner GJ, Lee SM, Mohsenifar Z, Shade D,  Slivka W, Wise RA, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Six-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reproducibility and effect of walking course layout and length. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167(11):1522-7.
  44. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Cost Effectiveness of Lung-Volume-Reduction Surgery for Patients with Severe Emphysema N Engl J Med 2003;348:2092-102.
  45. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group.  A Randomized Trial Comparing Lung-Volume-Reduction Surgery with Medical Therapy for Severe Emphysema N Engl J Med 2003;348:2059-73.
  46. Mathew JP, Grocott HP, Phillips-Bute B, Stafford-Smith M, Laskowitz D, Rossignol D, Blumenthal D, Newman MF, and Neurological Outcome Research Group and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of Duke Heart Center.  Lower endotoxin immunity predicts increased cognitive dysfunction in the elderly after cardiac surgery. Stroke 2003:34:508-13.
  47. Ti LK, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP, Laskowitz DT, Phillips-Bute B, Milano C, Hilton AK, Newman MF, Mathew JP and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Apolipoprotein E4 Increases Aortic Atheroma Burden In Cardiac Surgical Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003;125(1):211-3.
  48. Hill SE, Gottschalk LI, Grichnik KP.  Safety and Efficacy of Hemoglobin Raffimer in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16(6): 695-702.
  49. Amory DW, Grigore A, Amory JK, Gerhardt MA, White WD, Smith PK, Schwinn DA, Reves JG, Newman MF, the Duke University Perioperative Organ Protection Consortium. Neuroprotection is associated with β-adrenergic receptor antagonists during cardiac surgery: Evidence from 2,575 patients. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2002;16:270-277.
  50. Grigore AM, Grocott HP, Mathew JP, Phillips-Bute B, Stanley TO, Butler A, Landolfo KP, Reves JG, Blumenthal JA, Newman MF and the Neurologic Outcome Research Group of the Duke Heart Center. The Rewarming Rate and Increased Peak Temperature Alter Neurocognitive Outcome After Cardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg 2002;94:4-10.
  51. Mangano DT, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Aspirin and mortality from coronary bypass surgery. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(17):1309-17.
  52. Schraf SM, Iqbal M, Keller C, Criner G, Lee S, Fessler, National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group.  Hemodynamic Characterization for Patients with Severe Emphysema. A J Respir Crit Care Med 2002:166:314-22. 
  53. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Grigore AM, Mathew JP, Reves JG, Phillips-Bute B, Smith PK, Newman, MF, and the Neurologic Outcome Research Group (NORG) and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators of the Duke Heart Center. Postoperative hyperthermia is associated with cognitive dysfunction following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Stroke 2002;33:537-41.
  54. Stanley TO, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP, White WD, Blumenthal JA, Laskowitz DT, Landolfo KP, Reves JG, Mathew JP, Newman MF, Neurological Outcome Research Group and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators.  The impact of postoperative atrial fibrillation on neurocognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesth Analg 2002;94:290-294.
  55. Ginsberg B, Martin G, Gan TJ, Grichnik KP, Jhaveri R, Sibert K, Sullivan FL, Muir MR, Glass PG.  Patient-controlled Analgesia as a Tool to Assess the Assessment of the Relative Clinical Utility of Sufentanil and Morphine Administered by Patient Controlled Analgesia Pumps Following Abdominal Hysterectomy. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain and Symptom Control 2001;8(4)1-13.
  56. Williams RB, Marchuk DA, Gadde KM, Barefoot JC, Grichnik KP, Helms MJ, Kuhn CM, Lewis JG, Schanberg SM, Stafford-Smith M, Suarez EC, Clary GL, Svenson IK, Siegler IC. Central Nervous System Serotonin Function and Cardiovascular Response to Stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001;63:300-305.
  57. Newman MF, Grocott HP, Mathew JP, White WD, Landolfo K, Reves JG, Laskowitz DT, Mark DB Blumenthal JA, Neurologic Outcome Research Group and Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Research Endeavors Investigators. Report of the sub study assessing the impact of neurocognitive function on quality of life five years after cardiac surgery.  Stroke. 2001;32:2874-2881.
  58. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume reduction surgery.  N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1075-83.
  59. Ramsey SD, Sullivan SD, Kaplan RM, Wood DE, Chiang YP, Wagner JL for National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Economic analysis of lung volume reduction surgery as part of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. NETT Research Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71(3):995-1002.
  60. Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B, Gaver V, Grocott H, Jones RH, Mark DB, Reves JG, Blumenthal JA for the Neurological Outcome Research Group and the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators.  Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery:  N Eng J Med. 2001;344:395-402.
  61. Ti LK, Mathew JP, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP, White WD, Reves JG, Newman MF and the Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators. Effects of apolipoprotein E genotype on cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass.  Stroke 2001;32:1514-19.
  62. Grigore AM, Mathew J, Grocott HP, Reves JG, Blumenthal JA, White WD, Smith PK, Jones RH, Kirchner JL, Mark DB, Newman MF, Neurological Outcome Research Group*and Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Research Endeavors Investigators.  A prospective randomized trial of normothermic versus hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.  Anesthesiology 2001;95(5):1110-9.
  63. Grichnik KP, Ijsselmuiden AJJ, D'Amico TA, Harpole DH, White WD, Blumenthal JA, Newman MF. Cognitive Decline After Non-Cardiac, Major Surgery: A Preliminary Prospective Study. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1786-91.
  64. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Rationale and Design of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial.  Chest 1999;116:1750-1761.
  65. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Rationale and Design of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial:  A prospective randomized trial of lung volume reduction surgery.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:518-28.
  66. Atwell DM, Grichnik KP, Newman MF, Reves JG, McBride WT.  The Balance of Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines at Thoracic Cancer Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1998,66:1145-50.
  67. Gerhardt M, Grichnik KP.  Use of Remifentanil for Management of a Patient undergoing a combined Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Procedure. J Clin Anesth 1998;10:249-52.                                                               
  68. Gerhardt MA, Booth JA, Chestnut LC, Funk BL, El-Moalem HE, Kwatra MM, Schwinn DA and Duke Heart Center Perioperative Desensitization Group.   Acute Myocardial Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Dysfunction After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Patients with Cardiac Valve Disease. Circulation 1998;II-275-II-281.
  69. Booth JV, Landolfo KP, Chestnut LC, Bennett-Guerrero E, Gerhardt MA, Atwell DM, El-Moalem HE, Stafford-Smith M, Funk BL, Kuhn, CM, Kwatra MM, Schwinn DA, Duke Heart Center Perioperative Desensitization Group.  Acute Depression of Myocardial Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling During Cardiopulmonary Bypass:  Impairment of the Adenylyl Cyclase Moiety. Anesthesiology 1998;89:602-11.
  70. Bennett-Guerrero E, Jimenez JL, White WD, D’Amico EB, Baldwin BI, Schwinn DA, Duke T3 Study Group.  Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Triiodothyronine in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial.  JAMA 1996;275:9:687-92.
  71. Grocott HP, Grichnik KP, Reves JG:  Benzodiazepines in cardiovascular surgery.  Sem Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1997;1(2):109-20.
  72. Ginsberg B, Grichnik KP, Muir M, Damask M, Glass PSA.  Patient controlled analgesia used to assess efficacy and potency of a new opioid.  Pain Res Manag 1996;1(4):227-231.
  73. Dentz M, Lubarsky DA, McCann R, Moskop RJ, Inge W, Grichnik KP.  A comparison of amrinone with sodium nitroprusside for control of hemodynamics during infrarenal abdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995, 9:5:486-90.
  74. Ferrante FM, Fanciullo GJ, Grichnik KP, Vaisman J, Sacks GM, Concepcion MA.  Regression of sensory anesthesia during continuous epidural infusions of bupivacaine and opioid for total knee replacement.  Anesth Analg1993;77:01:00 179–84.
  75. Grichnik KP, Dentz M, Lubarsky DA.  Hemodynamic collapse during thoracoscopy.  J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1993;7:5:588–9.
  76. Ginsberg B, Grichnik KP, Schobelock MJ.  Managing postoperative pain with epidural analgesia.  Pharm Times 1993;59:5:92–101.
  77. Grichnik KP, Ferrante FM.  The difference between acute and chronic pain.  Mt Sinai J Med 1991;58:3:217–20.
  78. Fiske V, Parker KL, Ulmer R, Ow C, Aziz N.  The effect of melatonin alone or in combination with hCG or LH on the in vitro secretion of estrogen or progesterone in the granulosa cells of rats.  Endocrinology 1984;114:407-10.

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